// Copyright (C) 2010  Davis E. King (davis@dlib.net)
// License: Boost Software License   See LICENSE.txt for the full license.
#ifndef DLIB_GRAPH_CrEATION_H__
#define DLIB_GRAPH_CrEATION_H__

#include "graph_creation_abstract.h"
#include <limits>
#include <vector>
#include "../string.h"
#include "../rand.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include "sample_pair.h"

namespace dlib
{

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    namespace impl
    {
        template <typename iterator>
        iterator iterator_of_worst (
            iterator begin,
            const iterator& end
        ) 
        /*!
            ensures
                - returns an iterator that points to the element in the given range 
                  that has the biggest distance 
        !*/
        {
            float dist = begin->distance();
            iterator worst = begin;
            for (; begin != end; ++begin)
            {
                if (begin->distance() > dist)
                {
                    dist = begin->distance();
                    worst = begin;
                }
            }

            return worst;
        }

    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    template <
        typename vector_type,
        typename distance_function_type,
        typename alloc,
        typename T
        >
    void find_percent_shortest_edges_randomly (
        const vector_type& samples,
        const distance_function_type& dist_funct,
        const double percent,
        const unsigned long num,
        const T& random_seed,
        std::vector<sample_pair, alloc>& out
    )
    {
        // make sure requires clause is not broken
        DLIB_ASSERT( 0 < percent && percent <= 1 &&
                    num > 0,
            "\t void find_percent_shortest_edges_randomly()"
            << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function."
            << "\n\t samples.size(): " << samples.size()
            << "\n\t percent:        " << percent 
            << "\n\t num:            " << num 
            );

        out.clear();

        if (samples.size() <= 1)
        {
            return;
        }

        std::vector<sample_pair, alloc> edges;
        edges.reserve(num);

        dlib::rand::kernel_1a rnd;
        rnd.set_seed(cast_to_string(random_seed));

        // randomly sample a bunch of edges
        for (unsigned long i = 0; i < num; ++i)
        {
            const unsigned long idx1 = rnd.get_random_32bit_number()%samples.size();
            const unsigned long idx2 = rnd.get_random_32bit_number()%samples.size();
            if (idx1 != idx2)
            {
                const float dist = dist_funct(samples[idx1], samples[idx2]);
                if (dist < std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity())
                {
                    edges.push_back(sample_pair(idx1, idx2, dist));
                }
            }
        }


        // now put edges into out while avoiding duplicates
        if (edges.size() > 0)
        {
            // sort the edges so that duplicate edges will be adjacent
            std::sort(edges.begin(), edges.end(), &order_by_index);

            out.reserve(edges.size());
            out.push_back(edges[0]);
            for (unsigned long i = 1; i < edges.size(); ++i)
            {
                if (edges[i] != edges[i-1])
                {
                    out.push_back(edges[i]);
                }
            }


            // now sort all the edges by distance and take the percent with the smallest distance
            std::sort(out.begin(), out.end(), &order_by_distance);
            out.swap(edges);

            const unsigned long out_size = std::min<unsigned long>((unsigned long)num*percent, edges.size());
            out.assign(edges.begin(), edges.begin() + out_size);
        }
    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    namespace impl2
    {
        struct helper
        {
            /*
                This is like the sample_pair but lets the edges be directional
            */

            helper(
                unsigned long idx1,
                unsigned long idx2,
                float dist
            ) : 
                index1(idx1),
                index2(idx2),
                distance(dist) 
            {}

            unsigned long index1;
            unsigned long index2;
            float distance;
        };

        inline bool order_by_index (
            const helper& a,
            const helper& b
        )
        {
            return a.index1 < b.index1 || (a.index1 == b.index1 && a.index2 < b.index2);
        }

        inline bool total_order_by_distance (
            const helper& a,
            const helper& b
        )
        {
            return a.distance < b.distance || (a.distance == b.distance && order_by_index(a,b));
        }

    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    template <
        typename vector_type,
        typename distance_function_type,
        typename alloc,
        typename T
        >
    void find_approximate_k_nearest_neighbors (
        const vector_type& samples,
        const distance_function_type& dist_funct,
        const unsigned long k,
        unsigned long num,
        const T& random_seed,
        std::vector<sample_pair, alloc>& out
    )
    {
        // make sure requires clause is not broken
        DLIB_ASSERT( num > 0 && k > 0,
            "\t void find_approximate_k_nearest_neighbors()"
            << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function."
            << "\n\t samples.size(): " << samples.size()
            << "\n\t k:              " << k  
            << "\n\t num:            " << num 
            );

        out.clear();

        if (samples.size() <= 1)
        {
            return;
        }

        // we add each edge twice in the following loop.  So multiply num by 2 to account for that.
        num *= 2;

        std::vector<impl2::helper> edges;
        edges.reserve(num);
        std::vector<sample_pair, alloc> temp;
        temp.reserve(num);

        dlib::rand::kernel_1a rnd;
        rnd.set_seed(cast_to_string(random_seed));

        // randomly sample a bunch of edges
        for (unsigned long i = 0; i < num; ++i)
        {
            const unsigned long idx1 = rnd.get_random_32bit_number()%samples.size();
            const unsigned long idx2 = rnd.get_random_32bit_number()%samples.size();
            if (idx1 != idx2)
            {
                const float dist = dist_funct(samples[idx1], samples[idx2]);
                if (dist < std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity())
                {
                    edges.push_back(impl2::helper(idx1, idx2, dist));
                    edges.push_back(impl2::helper(idx2, idx1, dist));
                }
            }
        }

        std::sort(edges.begin(), edges.end(), &impl2::order_by_index);

        std::vector<impl2::helper>::iterator beg, itr;
        // now copy edges into temp when they aren't duplicates and also only move in the k shortest for
        // each index.
        itr = edges.begin();
        while (itr != edges.end())
        {
            // first find the bounding range for all the edges connected to node itr->index1
            beg = itr; 
            while (itr != edges.end() && itr->index1 == beg->index1)
                ++itr;

            // If the node has more than k edges then sort them by distance so that
            // we will end up with the k best.
            if (static_cast<unsigned long>(itr - beg) > k)
            {
                std::sort(beg, itr, &impl2::total_order_by_distance);
            }

            // take the k best unique edges from the range [beg,itr)
            temp.push_back(sample_pair(beg->index1, beg->index2, beg->distance));
            unsigned long prev_index2 = beg->index2;
            ++beg;
            unsigned long count = 1;
            for (; beg != itr && count < k; ++beg)
            {
                if (beg->index2 != prev_index2)
                {
                    temp.push_back(sample_pair(beg->index1, beg->index2, beg->distance));
                    ++count;
                }
                prev_index2 = beg->index2;
            }
        }


        // now sort temp so that we can avoid duplicates in the final loop below
        std::sort(temp.begin(), temp.end(), &order_by_index);


        // now put edges into out while avoiding duplicates
        if (temp.size() > 0)
        {
            out.reserve(temp.size());
            out.push_back(temp[0]);
            for (unsigned long i = 1; i < temp.size(); ++i)
            {
                if (temp[i] != temp[i-1])
                {
                    out.push_back(temp[i]);
                }
            }
        }
    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    template <
        typename vector_type,
        typename distance_function_type,
        typename alloc
        >
    void find_k_nearest_neighbors (
        const vector_type& samples,
        const distance_function_type& dist_funct,
        const unsigned long k,
        std::vector<sample_pair, alloc>& out
    )
    {
        // make sure requires clause is not broken
        DLIB_ASSERT(k > 0,
            "\t void find_k_nearest_neighbors()"
            << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function."
            << "\n\t samples.size(): " << samples.size()
            << "\n\t k:              " << k 
            );

        out.clear();

        if (samples.size() <= 1)
        {
            return;
        }

        using namespace impl;
        std::vector<sample_pair> edges;

        // Initialize all the edges to an edge with an invalid index
        edges.resize(samples.size()*k, 
                     sample_pair(samples.size(),samples.size(),std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity()));

        // Hold the length for the longest edge for each node.  Initially they are all infinity.
        std::vector<float> worst_dists(samples.size(), std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity());

        std::vector<sample_pair>::iterator begin_i, end_i, begin_j, end_j, itr;
        begin_i = edges.begin();
        end_i = begin_i + k;

        // Loop over all combinations of samples.   We will maintain the iterator ranges so that
        // within the inner for loop we have:
        //   [begin_i, end_i) == the range in edges that contains neighbors of samples[i]
        //   [begin_j, end_j) == the range in edges that contains neighbors of samples[j]
        for (unsigned long i = 0; i+1 < samples.size(); ++i)
        {
            begin_j = begin_i;
            end_j = end_i;

            for (unsigned long j = i+1; j < samples.size(); ++j)
            {
                begin_j += k;
                end_j += k;

                const float dist = dist_funct(samples[i], samples[j]);

                if (dist < worst_dists[i])
                {
                    *iterator_of_worst(begin_i, end_i) = sample_pair(i, j, dist);
                    worst_dists[i] = iterator_of_worst(begin_i, end_i)->distance();
                }

                if (dist < worst_dists[j])
                {
                    *iterator_of_worst(begin_j, end_j) = sample_pair(i, j, dist);
                    worst_dists[j] = iterator_of_worst(begin_j, end_j)->distance();
                }
            }

            begin_i += k;
            end_i += k;
        }

        // sort the edges so that duplicate edges will be adjacent
        std::sort(edges.begin(), edges.end(), &order_by_index);

        // if the first edge is valid 
        if (edges[0].index1() < samples.size())
        {
            // now put edges into out while avoiding duplicates and any remaining invalid edges.
            out.reserve(edges.size());
            out.push_back(edges[0]);
            for (unsigned long i = 1; i < edges.size(); ++i)
            {
                // if we hit an invalid edge then we can stop
                if (edges[i].index1() >= samples.size())
                    break;

                // if this isn't a duplicate edge
                if (edges[i] != edges[i-1])
                {
                    out.push_back(edges[i]);
                }
            }
        }


    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    template <
        typename vector_type
        >
    bool contains_duplicate_pairs (
        const vector_type& pairs
    )
    {
        vector_type temp(pairs);
        std::sort(temp.begin(), temp.end(), &order_by_index);

        for (unsigned long i = 1; i < temp.size(); ++i)
        {
            // if we found a duplicate
            if (temp[i-1] == temp[i])
                return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    template <
        typename vector_type 
        >
    unsigned long max_index_value_plus_one (
        const vector_type& pairs
    )
    {
        if (pairs.size() == 0)
        {
            return 0;
        }
        else
        {
            unsigned long max_idx = 0;
            for (unsigned long i = 0; i < pairs.size(); ++i)
            {
                if (pairs[i].index1() > max_idx)
                    max_idx = pairs[i].index1();
                if (pairs[i].index2() > max_idx)
                    max_idx = pairs[i].index2();
            }

            return max_idx + 1;
        }
    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    template <
        typename vector_type
        >
    void remove_long_edges (
        vector_type& pairs,
        float distance_threshold
    )
    {
        vector_type temp;
        temp.reserve(pairs.size());

        // add all the pairs shorter than the given threshold into temp
        for (unsigned long i = 0; i < pairs.size(); ++i)
        {
            if (pairs[i].distance() <= distance_threshold)
                temp.push_back(pairs[i]);
        }

        // move temp into the output vector
        temp.swap(pairs);
    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    template <
        typename vector_type
        >
    void remove_short_edges (
        vector_type& pairs,
        float distance_threshold
    )
    {
        vector_type temp;
        temp.reserve(pairs.size());

        // add all the pairs longer than the given threshold into temp
        for (unsigned long i = 0; i < pairs.size(); ++i)
        {
            if (pairs[i].distance() >= distance_threshold)
                temp.push_back(pairs[i]);
        }

        // move temp into the output vector
        temp.swap(pairs);
    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    template <
        typename vector_type
        >
    void remove_percent_longest_edges (
        vector_type& pairs,
        double percent 
    )
    {
        // make sure requires clause is not broken
        DLIB_ASSERT( 0 <= percent && percent < 1,
            "\t void remove_percent_longest_edges()"
            << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function."
            << "\n\t percent:        " << percent 
            );

        std::sort(pairs.begin(), pairs.end(), &order_by_distance);

        const unsigned long num = static_cast<unsigned long>((1.0-percent)*pairs.size());

        // pick out the num shortest pairs
        vector_type temp(pairs.begin(), pairs.begin() + num);

        // move temp into the output vector
        temp.swap(pairs);
    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    template <
        typename vector_type
        >
    void remove_percent_shortest_edges (
        vector_type& pairs,
        double percent 
    )
    {
        // make sure requires clause is not broken
        DLIB_ASSERT( 0 <= percent && percent < 1,
            "\t void remove_percent_shortest_edges()"
            << "\n\t Invalid inputs were given to this function."
            << "\n\t percent:        " << percent 
            );

        std::sort(pairs.rbegin(), pairs.rend(), &order_by_distance);

        const unsigned long num = static_cast<unsigned long>((1.0-percent)*pairs.size());

        // pick out the num shortest pairs
        vector_type temp(pairs.begin(), pairs.begin() + num);

        // move temp into the output vector
        temp.swap(pairs);
    }

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

}

#endif // DLIB_GRAPH_CrEATION_H__


